Battle Agains Great Khan and Princess Sophia of Moscow 1490

Ivan the Great (1462–1505)

Ivan III
One thousand Prince of All Rus'
Portrait from the 17th-century Titulyarnik
1000 Prince of Moscow
Reign	28 March 1462 – 27 Oct 1505
Coronation	14 April 1502
Predecessor	Vasily Ii
Successor	Vasily Three
Born	22 January 1440 Moscow, Grand Duchy of Moscow
Died	27 Oct 1505(1505-10-27) (aged 65) Moscow, Grand Duchy of Moscow
Burial	Cathedral of the Archangel, Moscow
Espoused	Maria of Tver Sophia Palaiologina
Issue more...	Ivan Ivanovich Vasili III Ivanovich Yury Ivanovich Andrey Ivanovich Elena Ivanovna
House	Rurik
Father	Vasily II of Russia
Female parent	Maria of Borovsk
Faith	Russian Orthodox

Ivan III Vasilyevich (Russian: Иван III Васильевич; 22 Jan 1440 – 27 October 1505), besides known every bit Ivan the Smashing,^{[1] [2]} was a Grand Prince of Moscow and One thousand Prince of all Rus'. Ivan served every bit the co-ruler and regent for his blind male parent Vasily 2 from the mid-1450s before he officially ascended the throne in 1462.

He multiplied the territory of his state through war and through the seizure of lands from his dynastic relatives, ended the potency of the Tatars over Russia, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, introduced a new legal codex and laid the foundations of the Russian land. His 1480 victory over the Great Horde is cited as the restoration of Russian independence 240 years after the fall of Kiev to Mongols' invasion.^[iii]

Ivan was the starting time Russian ruler to style himself "tsar", admitting not as an official title. Through marriage to Sofia Paleologue, he made the double-headed eagle Russia'southward coat of arms and adopted the idea of Moscow as Third Rome. His 43-year reign was the second longest in Russian history, after that of his grandson Ivan IV.

Territorial expansion [edit]

Ivan's dominion is marked by vastly expanding the territory of Moscow. Ivan brought the contained duchies (kniažestva) of unlike Rurikid princes under the straight control of Moscow, leaving the princes and their posterity without royal titles or state inheritance. His commencement enterprise was a war with the Republic of Novgorod, with which Muscovy (Moscow) equally a Northern district of Gilt Horde had fought a series of wars stretching back to at least the reign of Dmitry Donskoi. These wars were waged over Moscow's religious and political sovereignty, and over Moscow's efforts to seize land in the Northern Dvina region.^[4] Alarmed at the growing power of Moscow, Novgorod had negotiated with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Rus in the hope of placing itself under the protection of Casimir Iv, Rex of Poland and Grand Prince of Lithuania, a would-be alliance that was proclaimed by the Moscow rulers as an human activity of apostasy from Orthodoxy (in part, because Poland and its monarchs were Catholic).^[5] Ivan took the field against Novgorod in 1470, and subsequently his generals had twice defeated the forces of the republic – at the Battle of Shelon River and on the Northern Dvina, both in the summer of 1471 – the Novgorodians were forced to sue for peace, agreeing to abandon their overtures to Lithuania and to cede a considerable portion of their northern territories, while paying a state of war indemnity of 15,500 roubles.

Ivan visited Novgorod several times in the side by side several years, persecuting a number of pro-Lithuanian boyars and confiscating their lands. In 1477, 2 Novgorodian envoys, claiming to accept been sent past the archbishops and the unabridged city, addressed Ivan in public audience as Gosudar (sovereign) instead of the usual Gospodin (sir).^[6] Ivan at in one case seized upon this as a recognition of his sovereignty, and when the Novgorodians repudiated the envoys (indeed, ane was killed at the veche and several others of the pro-Moscow faction were killed with him) and swore openly in front of the Moscow ambassadors that they would turn to Republic of lithuania again, he marched confronting them. Deserted by Casimir and surrounded on every side by the Moscow armies, which occupied the major monasteries around the metropolis, Novgorod ultimately recognized Ivan's direct rule over the metropolis and its vast hinterland in a document signed and sealed by Archbishop Feofil of Novgorod (1470–1480) on 15 January 1478.^[7]

Ivan'south destruction of the Novgorod assembly

Ivan dispossessed Novgorod of more than than 4-fifths of its land, keeping one-half for himself and giving the other half to his allies.^[8] Subsequent revolts (1479–1488) were punished by the removal en masse of the richest and most ancient families of Novgorod to Moscow, Vyatka, and other north-eastern Rus' cities. Archbishop Feofil was too removed to Moscow for plotting against the Yard Prince.^[9] The rival republic of Pskov owed the constancy of its own political existence to the readiness with which it assisted Ivan against its ancient enemy. The other principalities were eventually absorbed past conquest, purchase, or marriage contract: The Principality of Yaroslavl in 1463, Rostov in 1474, Tver in 1485, and Vyatka 1489.

Ivan's refusal to share his conquests with his brothers, and his subsequent interference with the internal politics of their inherited principalities, involved him in several wars with them, from which, though the princes were assisted past Republic of lithuania, he emerged victorious. Finally, Ivan's new rule of government, formally ready along in his terminal will to the effect that the domains of all his kinsfolk, after their deaths, should pass direct to the reigning M Duke instead of reverting, as hitherto, to the princes' heirs, put an end once and for all to these semi-independent princelings.

Ivan had 4 brothers. The eldest, Yury, died childless on 12 September 1472. He only had a draft of a will that said nothing nigh his state. Ivan seized the land, much to the fury of the surviving brothers, whom he placated with some land. Boris and Andrei the Elder signed treaties with Vasily in February and September 1473. They agreed to protect each other'due south land and not to have underground dealings with strange states; they broke this clause in 1480, fleeing to Lithuania. Information technology is unknown whether Andrei the Younger signed a treaty. He died in 1481, leaving his lands to Ivan. In 1491 Andrei the Elder was arrested by Ivan for refusing to aid the Crimean Khanate against the Golden Horde. He died in prison house in 1493, and Ivan seized his state. In 1494 Boris, the simply brother able to pass his land to his sons, died. Nonetheless, their country reverted to the Tsar upon their deaths in 1503 and 1515 respectively.^[10]

In that location was one semi-autonomous prince in Muscovy when Ivan acceded: Prince Mikhail Andreevich of Vereia, who had been awarded an Appanage by Vasily 2. In 1478 he was pressured into giving Belozersk to Ivan, who got all of Mikhail'southward land on his expiry in 1486.^[eleven]

Domestic policy [edit]

Opposite of Ivan Iii'due south seal from 1472, later on his union with Sophia Palaiologina

Territory acquired by 1505 under Ivan Iii

The character of the government of Moscow changed significantly nether Ivan Three, taking on a new autocratic grade. This was a natural outcome of the hegemony of Moscow over the other Vladimir-Suzdal lands, but also to new imperial pretensions. Subsequently the fall of Constantinople, orthodox canonists were inclined to regard the Grand Princes of Moscow, where the Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev moved in 1325 after the Mongol Invasions, as the successors of the Byzantine emperors. Ivan himself appeared to welcome the idea, and he began to way himself tsar in strange correspondence. The British historian J. L. I. Fennell emphasizes Ivan'due south success in centralizing control over local rulers; he adds, however, that his reign was also "a menses of cultural depression and spiritual barrenness. Liberty was stamped out within the Muscovite lands. By his anti-Catholicism Ivan brought down the curtain between Muscovy and the westward. For the sake of territorial aggrandizement he deprived his state of the fruits of Western learning and civilisation."^[12]

This motility coincided with a alter in the family circumstances of Ivan III. After the death of his offset consort, Maria of Tver (1467), and at the proffer of Pope Paul Two (1469), who hoped thereby to bind Muscovy to state of the vatican city, Ivan 3 wedded Sophia Palaiologina (also known under her original name Zoe), daughter of Thomas Palaeologus, despot of Morea, who claimed the throne of Constantinople as the blood brother of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor. Frustrating the Pope'southward hopes of reuniting the two faiths, the princess endorsed Eastern Orthodoxy. Due to her family traditions, she encouraged imperial ideas in the heed of her espoused. It was through her influence that the civil etiquette of Constantinople (along with the imperial double-headed eagle and all that it unsaid) was adopted by the court of Moscow.

Ivan'southward son with Maria of Tver, Ivan the Young, died in 1490, leaving from his matrimony with Helen of Moldavia an but kid, Dmitry the Grandson.^[14] The latter was crowned as successor past his grandfather on 15 February 1498,^[14] but later Ivan reverted his decision in favor of Sophia'south elder son Vasily, who was ultimately crowned co-regent with his father (14 April 1502). The decision was dictated by the crunch continued with the Sect of Skhariya the Jew, every bit well every bit by the imperial prestige of Sophia'due south descendants. Dmitry the Grandson was put into prison, where he died, single and childless, in 1509,^[15] already under the dominion of his uncle.

The G Duke increasingly held aloof from his boyars. The old patriarchal systems of government vanished. The boyars were no longer consulted on diplomacy of country. The sovereign became sacrosanct, while the boyars were reduced to dependency on the will of the sovereign. The boyars naturally resented this revolution and struggled against it.

It was in the reign of Ivan Three that the new Muscovite Sudebnik, or constabulary code, was compiled by the scribe Vladimir Gusev. Ivan did his utmost to make his capital a worthy successor to Constantinople, and with that object invited many foreign masters and artificers to settle in Moscow. The most noted of these was the Italian Ridolfo di Fioravante, nicknamed "Aristotle" because of his boggling knowledge, who congenital several cathedrals and palaces in the Kremlin, and also supervised the construction of the Kremlin walls.^[xvi]

Foreign policy [edit]

Muscovy rejected the Tatar yoke during the reign of Ivan Iii. In 1476, Ivan refused to pay the customary tribute to the grand Khan Ahmed, and in 1480 Ahmed Khan organized a armed forces campaign confronting Muscovy. Throughout the autumn the Muscovy and Tatar hosts confronted each other on opposite sides of the Ugra River, till 11 Nov 1480 when Ahmed retreated into the steppe.

In the following year the Yard Khan, while preparing a 2nd expedition against Moscow, was suddenly attacked, routed and slain by Khan Ibak of the Nogay Horde, whereupon the Gilded Horde suddenly fell to pieces. In 1487 Ivan reduced the khanate of Kazan, i of the offshoots of the Horde, to the condition of a vassal-country, though in his subsequently years it broke away from his suzerainty. With the other Muslim powers, the Khan of the Crimean Khanate and the sultans of Ottoman Empire, Ivan's relations were peaceful and even amicable. The Crimean Khan, Meñli I Giray, helped him against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and facilitated the opening of diplomatic relations between Moscow and Constantinople, where the first Muscovian embassy appeared in 1495.

The 1488 Hungarian legation in the court of Ivan Iii of Russian federation

The Christian rulers in the Caucasus began to see the Muscovite monarchs as their natural allies confronting the Muslim regional powers. The first endeavour at forging an brotherhood was made by Alexander I, rex of a small Georgian kingdom of Kakheti, who dispatched two embassies, in 1483 and 1491, to Moscow. However, every bit the Muscovites were still too far from the Caucasus, neither of these missions had whatsoever result on the class of events in the region. In 1488, Ivan sought gun-founders, master-gunners for siege cannons, aureate- and silversmiths and (Italian) main builders from Matthias Corvinus of Republic of hungary.^{[17] [18] [19]}

In Nordic diplomacy, Ivan III concluded an offensive brotherhood with Hans of Denmark and maintained regular correspondence with Emperor Maximilian I, who called him a "blood brother". He congenital a strong citadel in Ingria, named Ivangorod after himself, situated on the Russian-Estonian edge, opposite the fortress of Narva held past the Livonian Confederation. In the Russo-Swedish War (1495–1497) Ivan Three unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Viborg from Sweden, but this attempt was checked by the Swedish garrison in Viborg Castle led by Lord Knut Posse.

The farther extension of the Moscow dominion was facilitated by the decease of Casimir Iv in 1492, when Poland and Lithuania once once more parted visitor. The throne of Lithuania was now occupied by Casimir's son Alexander, a weak and lethargic prince and then incapable of defending his possessions against the persistent attacks of the Muscovites that he attempted to save them past a matrimonial compact, wedding Helena, Ivan'southward daughter. But the articulate determination of Ivan to advisable equally much of Lithuania equally possible finally compelled Alexander to take upwardly arms against his father-in-police force in 1499. The Lithuanians were routed at the Battle of Vedrosha on xiv July 1500, and in 1503 Alexander was glad to purchase peace past ceding to Ivan Chernigov, Starodub, Novgorod-Seversky and sixteen other towns.^[twenty]

Legacy [edit]

Ivan conquered or brought under his control the lands of north-eastern Rus', marking the beginning of Muscovite dominance over Rus' territory. Ivan arguably became all-time known for his consolidation of Muscovite rule. His predecessors had increased Moscow's territory from less than 600 square miles nether Ivan Two (reigned 1353–59) to more than than 15,000 square miles at the terminate of Vasily 2'due south reign. Information technology remained for Ivan Three to absorb Moscow'due south old rivals, Novgorod and Tver, and establish virtually a unmarried rule over what had been appanages of Rus'. Although the circumstances surrounding the acquisitions varied, the results were basically the same: former sovereign or semi-autonomous principalities were reduced to the condition of provinces of Moscow, while their princes joined the ranks of the Muscovite service dignity.

Subsequently the death of his starting time wife in 1467, Ivan married (1472) Sophia (Zoë) Palaiologina, a Byzantine princess and niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine 11 (killed in battle in 1453). The Vatican sponsored the marriage in hope of bringing Russian federation under the sway of the Pope and of establishing a broad front against the Turks, a goal that failed. From Ivan'south indicate of view, the matrimony fitted well into the full general trend of elevating the Muscovite ruler.

Post-obit his 2nd wedlock, Ivan adult a complicated court ceremonial on the Byzantine model and began to use the title of "Tsar and Despot". Also during the reign of Ivan and his son, Vasily III, Moscow came to be referred to by spokesmen as the Third Rome. Philotheos, a monk from Pskov, developed the idea of Moscow every bit the true successor to Byzantium and, hence, to Rome.

An impressive building programme in Moscow took identify under Ivan, directed primarily by Italian artists and craftsmen. New buildings were erected in the Kremlin, and the Kremlin walls were strengthened and furnished with towers and gates. In 1475, Ivan Iii established the start cannon foundry of Russian federation in Moscow, which started the native cannon production.^[21] Ivan died on 27 October 1505, and was succeeded past his son, Vasily III.

Character [edit]

In Herbersteins' Notes on Muscovite Affairs, Ivan III was characterized as a cruel tyrant, boozer, and a misogynist, far from being a ruler of keen fairness and equity presented by previous writers.

Further reading on Ivan III [edit]

The merely biography in English language of Ivan is J. 50. I. Fennell'southward Ivan the Great of Moscow (1961). The Third Rome concept is discussed in Nicholas Zernov's Moscow: The Third Rome (1937). A immediate account of the 1486–1506 menses is Baron Sigismund von Herberstein's Notes upon Russian federation, translated and edited by R. H. Major (2 vols., 1851–1852). The most thorough study of this flow bachelor to the English reader is George Vernadsky and Michael Karpovich's A History of Russia, vol. 4 (1959).

Timeline [edit]

• 1462 – Becomes Keen Prince after his father's death
• 1463 – Annexes Yaroslavl
• 1465 – Sends an trek to the Arctic
• 1471 – Invades Novgorod, which becomes a puppet state
• 1472 – Eldest brother, Yuri, died childless; Ivan seizes his country
• 1474 – Buys Rostov
• 1475 – Establishes the outset Russian cannon foundry in Moscow.
• 1476 – Refuses to pay tribute to Khan Ahmed of the Aureate Horde
• 1478 – Annexes the Republic of Novgorod
• 1480 – Gilt Horde advances to the Ugra River but retreats (the last effort to force Muscovy to pay tribute)
• 1481 – Younger blood brother Andrei dies, leaving Ivan his land
• 1483 – 1st Georgian emissary
• 1484 – 1st purge of Novgorod
• 1485 – Annexes Tver. The official date of revival of statehood; an acceptation of new title – 'G Prince of All Russian federation'
• 1486 – The only autonomous Muscovite prince, Mikhail Andreevich of Vereia dies; Ivan seizes his land.
• 1487 – Kazan Khanate becomes a Muscovite puppet state

  2nd purge of Novgorod

• 1489 – Annexes Republic of Vyatka

  third purge of Novgorod: i,000 expelled.

• 1491 – Ivan's elder brother Andrei imprisoned for non helping the Crimean Khanate against the Gilded Horde

  2nd Georgian emissary

• 1492 – War with Lithuania started August
• 1493 – Andrei the Elder dies in prison house; Ivan seizes his state
• 1494 – Last brother, Boris, dies and leaves his land to his sons, Ivan and Fedor

  February – Lithuanian war ends

  Muscovy annexes Vyazma and a sizable region in the upper reaches of the Oka River

• 1499 – Republic of lithuania invaded. 4,000 troops cross the Pechora River, take ane,000 prisoners, pelts and found Pustozyorsk.
• 1503 – Ivan takes the land of his nephew Ivan on the latter's death

  Chernigov, Starodub, Novgorod-Seversky, and 16 other towns ceded past Lithuania to Muscovy, ending the war

• 1505 – Ivan dies, leaving Muscovy to his son Vasili

Marriages and children [edit]

1.By Maria of Tver

• Ivan Ivanovich (Ivan the Young) (fifteen February 1458 – 7 March 1490)

2.By Sophia Palaiologina

• Anna (b.1474), died in infancy
• Elena (b.1475), died in infancy
• Feodosia (b.1475-?)
• Helena of Moscow (nineteen May 1476 – 20 January 1513), Grand Duchess of Lithuania and Queen of Poland
• Vasily 3 of Russian federation (25 March 1479 – 3 December 1533), M Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of all Rus'(Russian federation)
• Yury Ivanovich (23 March 1480 – eight March 1536)
• Dmitry Ivanovich (six October 1481 – 14 February 1521)
• Eudoxia Ivanovna (1492 – 1513); married Peter (born Kudaikul), son of Ibrahim, Khan of Kazan. Had issue, one daughter: Anastasia Petrovna, wife of Fyodor Mstislavsky,^[22] and subsequently of Vasily 'Nemoy' Shuisky. Through her girl, Anastasia Petrovna, wife of Prince Fyodor Mikhailovich Mstislavsky, she is the ancestor of all living members of the House of Galitzin,^{[23] [24]} and of Prince Rostislav Romanov and his siblings.
• Elena Ivanovna (8 April 1484 -?)
• Feodosia Ivanovna (29 May 1485 – 12 February 1501); married Vasily Danilovich Kholmsky^[25]
• Simeon Ivanovich (21 March 1487 – 26 June 1518)
• Andrey of Staritsa (5 August 1490 – 11 Dec 1537)

Run into also [edit]

• Rulers of Russia family unit tree

References [edit]

1. ^ Slavjanskaja jenciklopedija. Kijevskaja Rus' — Moskovija: v two t. / Avtor-sostaviteľ V. V. Bohuslavskij. — K.: OLMA-PRESS, 2001. — 5000 jekz. — ISBN 5-224-02249-five
2. ^ Russkij biohrafičeskij slovař – Izd. pod nabľudenijem predsedateľa Imperatorskoho Russkoho Istoričeskoho Obšťestva A. A. Polovcova. — Sankt-Peterburh: tip. Hl. upr. udelov, 1897 [2]. — T. 8.
3. ^ Michael Kort (2008). A Cursory History of Russia. Infobase Publishing. p. 26. ISBN9781438108292.
4. ^ Paul, Michael C. (2007). "Secular Ability and the Archbishops of Novgorod upward to the Muscovite Conquest". Kritika. Long Embankment, California: Slavica, Publishers. 8 (ii): 131–170. doi:10.1353/kri.2007.0020. S2CID 153403531.
5. ^ Paul, "Secular Power," 261.
6. ^ Paul, "Secular Power," 264.
7. ^ Paul, "Secular Ability," 268.
8. ^ Richard Pipes, Russia under the old government, page 93
9. ^ Paul, "Secular Power," 267.
10. ^ Ostowski, Donald (2006). "The Growth of Moscovy, (1462–1533)". In Perrie, Maureen (ed.). The Cambridge History of Russia. Vol. ane. pp. 222–3.
11. ^ Donald Ostowski, The Cambridge History of Russia vol. I page 224
12. ^ Fennell, John Lister Illingworth (1961). Ivan the Great of Moscow. New York City: Macmillan. p. 354. ASIN B0007IL6Q2.
13. ^ Franklin, Simon; Widdis, Emma (2006). National Identity in Russian Culture: An Introduction. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 172. ISBN9780521024297.
14. ^ ^{a b} Fennell, John Lister Illingworth (December 1960). "The Dynastic Crisis 1497–1502". The Slavonic and East European Review. London, England: University College London. 39 (92): 2–4.
15. ^ Bogatyrev, Sergei (Apr 2007). "Reinventing the Russian Monarchy in the 1550s: Ivan the Terrible, the Dynasty, and the Church". The Slavonic and E European Review. London, England: University College London. 85 (two): 283.
16. ^ Shvidkovskiĭ, Dmitriĭ Olegovich (2007). Russian Architecture and the W. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Academy Printing. pp. 81–82. ISBN978-0300109122.
17. ^ Monter, William (2006). Cultural Exchange in Early Modernistic Europe, Volume 4. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Academy Printing. p. 81. ISBN9780521855532.
18. ^ Nemeth, Jozsef (1996). Landmarks in the History of Hungarian Engineering. Budapest, Hungary: Technical University of Budapest. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 24 Nov 2008.
19. ^ Szendrei, János (1905). "Régi kép Mátyás király oroszországi követségéről" (PDF). Archaeologiai Értesítő (in Hungarian): 137–146.
20. ^ Much information on Ivan III and his court is contained in Sigismund von Herberstein, Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii (1549).
21. ^ Hosking, Geoffrey Alan (2001). Russian federation and the Russians: A History . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 91. ISBN9780674004733. first cannon foundry was set up in moscow.
22. ^ Payne, Robert; Romanoff, Nikita (2002). Ivan the Terrible. New York City: Cooper Square Press. p. 435. ISBN978-0815412298.
23. ^ The offspring of Rurik. A complete list of princes and nobles, the descendants of Rurik - the first Russian prince, founder of the Rurik dynasty and Russian statehood, relatively published to date / Comp.: AN Sokolov, mitrofor. protoyer. - 2nd ed., Rev. and additional - Due north. Novgorod, 2007 .-- 936 p. - P.206.
24. ^ All living members of the House of Galitzine are descendants of Sophia Palaiologina and Ivan III, this genealogy is cited on source number 23 and the Russian Wikipedia (folio 1 and two)
25. ^ Alef, Gustave (1983). Rulers and Nobles in Fifteenth-Century Muscovy. Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing. p. 115. ISBN978-0860781202.

Further reading [edit]

• Fennell, J. L. I. Ivan the Great of Moscow (1961)
• Grey, Ian. Ivan 3 and the unification of Russia (1964)
• Ostowski, Donald. "The Growth of Moscovy, (1462–1533)" in Maureen Perrie, ed., The Cambridge History of Russia (2006) vol. I pages 213–39
• Paul, Michael C. "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod up to the Muscovite Conquest," Kritika (2007) 8#2 pp:131–170.
• Soloviev, Sergei M. and John J. Windhausen, eds. History of Russian federation. Vol. eight: Russian Society in the Age of Ivan III (1979)
• Vernadsky, George, and Michael Karpovich, A History of Russia vol. four (1959).

Primary sources [edit]

• Sigmund Freiherr von Herberstein (1851). Notes Upon Russian federation: Existence a Translation of the Primeval Account of that Country, Entitled Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii. Hakluyt Society. pp. one–.

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication at present in the public domain.

External links [edit]

• Sudebnik

Regnal titles
Preceded by Vasili II	Grand Prince of Moscow 1462–1505	Succeeded by Vasili III

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia

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